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THE 



CHILIAN INTERMTIOML EXPOSITION 



OF 1875, 



TO BE HELD AT 



SANTIAGO, CHILL 



.ETTER OF THE UNITED STATES COMMISSIONER OF EDUCATION. 
PROGRAMME OF THE SPECIAL SECTION FOR EDUCATION. 



WASHINGTON: 

GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE. 
1875. 



LETTER, 



DEPAET3IENT OF THE INTERTOR, 

Bureau of Education, 
Washington, B. C, Aiiril 22, 1S75. 

Gentlemen: The desire of the Chilian government, to seenre for the 
international exposition to be held this year at Santiago, Chili, as full a 
representation of the systems of education of the countries which have 
been invited to contribute to this exposition as possible, has been 
brought to my notice, together with the statement of the directors of 
the exposition as to the special section for j)ublic instruction. 

An earnest desire is expressed that the several States, cities, towns, 
and educational institutions of the United States shall contribute such, 
published reports catalogues, architectural views and buildings for edu- 
cational purposes, and other material as shall serve to give a full and 
correct idea of their systems of education and their methods of teaching. 
The accompanying paper, which is a translation of that part of the 
official programme of the exposition which relates to the special section 
of public instruction, and was specially issued by them to create an in- 
terest in this section of the exposition, contains a view of the organiza- 
tion of education in Chili and a schedule of the objects to be comprised 
in this section of the exposition. Any reports that may be sent to the 
Bureau of Education for the exposition in Chili will be promptly for- 
warded. 

It seems desirable that the school-officials of the different States and 
cities of the Kepublic and officers of institutions of learning should make 
an effort to respond to this desire of a sister-republic for information 
relating to the education of its citizens. As objects designed for the 
educational section must be in Santiago by August 25, 1875, it is 
necessary that there should be no delay in forwarding them to this. 
Bureau. 

Very respectfully, your obedient servant, 

JOHN EATOX, 

Commissionef. 

To Correspondents of the Bureau of Education. 



P R G R A M ]^I E 



THE CHILIAN IXTERNATIOXAL EXPOSITION OF 1875. 

SPECIAL SECTION FOR PUBLIC INSTRUCTION. 

OBJECT OF THE EXPOSITION. 

The object of the interuational expositiou which will be held by the 
republic of Chili in 1875 would uot be completely reached if the various 
countries which have been invited to participate merely paid attention 
to material progress, passing over in silence intellectual, literary, and 
scientific progress, which is so much more worthy of consideration than 
the former. 

To further this object, the special section of public instruction has been 
established, for the purpose of exhibiting all that concerns primary, 
secondary, and higher instruction. With a view to forming an idea of 
the actual state of instruction in Chili, the committee in charge of this 
branch determined to publish a brief exhibit of data, as follows : 

I. OUTLINE OF THE STATE OF EDUCATION IN CHILL 

CAKE OF THE GOVERNMENT FOR EDUCATION. 

Without boasting, it may be said that public instruction has constantly 
engaged the attention of the Chilian government. Even in 1813, when 
the war of independence was still undecided, the government founded 
the National Institute, devoted to secondary, superior, and special 
instruction, which justly deserves the fame it enjoys. In the constitu- 
tion of 1833 it was said that the government should give i)articular atten- 
tion to education. (Article 153.) 

SUPERINTENDENC:!: OF EDUCATION. 

The duty of superintending the whole iield of education devolves on 
the university under the authority of the government. The president 
of the republic is tlie patron of the university and exercises his func- 
tions by means of a council, composed of the rector, the deans of facul- 
ties — of which there are live, viz, philosophy, law and political sciences, 
mathematics and natural sciences, medicine, and theology — and some 
members appointed by the ])resident and the inspector of primary 
instruction. Thus complete uniformity and harmony are established 
between all grades of instruction — superior, secondary, and primary. 

SUPERIOR INSTRUCTION. 

Superior instruction comprises those studies which are necessary for 
the profession of the lawyer, physician, surgeon, civil engineer, and 
mining engineer, for all of which the university gives certificates. The 



6 

study of the law comprises the following subjects: Natural law, Roman 
law, internatioual law, canonical law, administrative, penal, civil, mining, 
commercial law, political economy, and forensic practice. The study of 
medicine and surgery comprises anatomy, organic and inorganic chemis- 
try, botany, histology, pathology, physiology, pharmacy, medical juris- 
prudence, therapeutics, materia medica, clinics, operations, obstetrics, 
mental diseases, diseases of women, and hygiene. The study of engi- 
neering comprises higher algebra, spheric trigonometry, geometry of the 
three dimensions, descriptive geometry, higher physics, general chemis- 
try, differential and integral calculus, topography, geodesy, mechanics, 
astronomy, geology, theory of bridges and roads, application of geometry 
to stone- and wood-cutting, machine-drawing, architecture, mineralogy", 
mining, and metallurgy. For all these studies there is a higher or uni- 
versity-section in the National Institute of Santiago. There are also 
courses of topographical engineering and some classes for other higher 
studies in some of the provincial lyceums. The number of students 
pursuing special studies was 400 in 1873. 

SECONDARY INSTRUCTION. 

For secondary instruction there is a section in the National Institute, 
and the lyceums of Capiapo, Serena, San Felipe, Valparaiso, Eanca- 
gua, San Fernando, Curico, Talca, Cauquenes, Chilian, Coucepcion, 
Anjeles, Valdivia, MelipuUi, and Ancud. Secondary instruction com- 
prises arithmetic, grammar, geography, history, algebra, geometry, 
Latin, literature and history of literature, religion, philosophy, elements 
of physics and chemistry, natural history, physical geography, cosmog- 
raphy, some modern language, hygiene. The number of students in all 
the institutions supported by the state in 1873 was 3,203. 

PRIMARY INSTRUCTION. 

Primary instruction is, according to the law of November 24, 1800^ 
divided into three sections: elementary, higher, and normal. 

Elementary instruction is given in all the public schools, of which 
there are 756, viz, 400 for boys, 280 for girls, and 10 mixed. Of private 
schools there are 483, viz, 206 for boys, 131 for girls, and 140 mixed. 
Elementary instruction comprises reading, writing. Christian doctrine 
and morals, elements of arithmetic, the metrical system, geography, 
linear drawing, vocal music, hygiene, and, in addition to these subjects, 
female- work in the schools for girls. 

Higher primary instruction continues the branches taught by ele- 
mentary instruction, and, in addition, Castilian grammar, history of 
Chili, history of America, sacred history, political constitution, theory 
and practice of education, theory of vaccination, elements of geometry, 
cosmography, i)hysics and chemistry, religion, elements of agriculture, 
and, in addition, in the schools for girls, horticulture and domestic 
economy. According to the law, there ought to b6 one school of this 
grade for males and one for females in the capital of every department. 
At present there are 24, of which 17 are for males and 7 for females. 

Normal instruction is intended to prepare teachers for the elementary 
and higher schools. There are one normal school for males and three for 
females. Every year a committee, appointed by the local authorities, 
examines the candidates for admission, in the capital of every depart- 
ment. The course of instruction embraces the subjects taught in the 
higher elementary schools, only taught more extensively. 



The number of scholai\s atteudiiig the public schools iu 1874 was 
59,786 and those attending the private schools 20,823, making the total 
80,609, or one scholar to every four inhabitants. 

Primary instruction is superintended by the inspector-general of 
primary instruction at Santiago, and by an inspector for every province, 
who reports annually to the inspector-general. 

EXPENDITURE FOR EDUCATION. 

Primary, secondary, and superior instruction in the government 
schools is given entirely gratuitously, and in the primary schools the 
scholars are even furnished with books and apparatus. The total ex- 
l^enditure for education in 1873 was $1,185,700, or about 9 per cent, of 
the whole national income. Of this sum 1641,700 was expended for 
primary instruction, $395,000 for secondary and superior, $107,000 for 
various special institutions, and $42,000 for pensions to teachers and 
school-officers. In the above sum is not included the income of the 
National Institute and some lyceums, nor the subsidies paid by various 
municipalities to primary instruction, estimated at about $70,000 per 
annum. 

SPECIAL SCHOOLS. 

Of special schools not mentioned in the above there are the following : 

(1) For young men devoting themselves to the church, there are sem- 
inaries at Serena, Valparaiso, Santiago, Talca, Concepcion, and Ancud, 
which receive from the state about $32,000. 

(2) For young men who intend to enter the army or navy, the mili- 
tary academy, receiving annually $31,000, and the naval academy $15,000. 

(3) For the fine arts, the Conservatory of Music, the Academy of 
Painting, and the Academy of Sculpture and Architecture, in the capital. 
Young men are besides every year sent to Europe to study the fine arts 
in the Old World. 

(4) The school of arts and industries, where instruction is given in the 
theory and practice of mechanics, forging, founding, carpentering, coach- 
building, modeling, tin-work, &c., for which aa annual sum of $34,000 is 
appropriated. 

(5) For tlie study of agriculture and agronomy there is a s[)ecial 
school and a botanical garden ; for the study of obstetrics there is a 
si)ecial section in the National Institute. 

FREEDOM OF INSTRUCTION. 

Instruction in Chili is free; but professional and university-degrees 
are not valid unless obtained in tbe governmeut-iustitutiou or such 
private institutions as have been licensed for this purpose by the gov- 
ernment by the advice of the university-council. Any person may open 
a school, with the sole restriction that he must, by the testimony of two 
well-known and trustworthy persons, prove before the departmental au- 
thorities that he is a person of good moral character. 

CONCLUSION. 

The above is a brief survey of tbe actual state of education in Chili ; 
and in presenting it the committee charged with this section of the ex- 
position of 1875 expresses the confident hope that inventors and manu- 



facturers of articles relating to etlucatiou, as well as authors aind pub- 
lishers of text-books iu all those countries which have been invited to 
attend the exposition, will contribute all in their power to make a good 
exhibit of this important branch of public administration. 

II. OBJECTS COMPRISED IN THE SPECIAL SECTION OF PUBLIC INSTRUC- 
TION. 

SUPERIOR INSTRUCTION. 

Unirersities. 

A. Eules and regulations, ordinances and constitutions of universities 
or corporations established for the purpose of superior instruction, both 
free ones and those supported by or dependent on the state, to show 
their organization and the character of the instruction given iu these 
institutions. 

B. Plans of school-buildings, furniture, and general material for 
schools of superior instruction. 

C. Text-books and models and specimens of physical, chemical, me- 
chanical, surgical, astronomical, *S:c., apparatus. 

1). Statistics of superior instruction. 

SECONDARY INSTRUCTION. 

Lyceums, seminaries, gymnasia, colleges, (£'C. 

A. Eules and regulations, course of study, regulations relating to the 
internal organization of secondary schools. 

B. Plans and models of secondary-school buildings. 

C. Text-books, maps, and apparatus used iu secondary instruction. 

D. Statistics of secondary instruction. 

PRIMARY INSTRUCTION. 

A. Plans and models of buildings for primary schools, city-schools, 
rural schools, infant-schools, industrial schools, &c. 

B. Text-books, models, and apparatus for teaching all the branches 
comprised in primary instruction in normal schools, elementary schools 
for both sexes, adult-scbools, industrial schools, Sunday- and parochial 
schools, and infant-schools and Kindergarten. 

C. Aids to the teaching of music and gymnastics. 

D. School-legislation, rules, and regulations relating to the adminis- 
tration, organization, and discipline of schools. 

E. Statistics of primary instruction. 

SPECIAL INSTRUCTION. 

Material, text-books,\apparatus, and regulations relating to polytech- 
nic institutes, mining-schools, military schools, naval schools, business- 
colleges, schools of agriculture, schools of the arts and industries, peni- 
tentiary- (reformatory) schools like the one at Mettray, (France,) schools 
for the'blind, deaf and dumb, &c., special military schools, school-ships, 
prison-schools, and workshops for poor boys and girls, &c. 



III. PRIZES OFFERED BY THE SECTION OF PUBLIC INSTRUCTION OF 
THE EXPOSITION OF 1875. 

[The prizes will consist of medals of the first, second, and third classes.] 

A prize for the best plan or model of a good and cheap building for a 
primary school, city or rural school, for boys or girls, or mixed, for 
infants, &c. 

A prize for the best plan or model for normal schools for both sexes, 
lyceums, boarding-schools, special colleges, &c. 

A prize for the best and cheapest models of furniture for schools and 
colleges. 

A prize for the best collection of apparatus for object- leSvSons in pri- 
mary schools, such as maps, diagrams, charts, small collections for 
instruction in the natural sciences. 

A prize for the most complete collection of instruments and apparatus 
for elementary instruction in physics, chemistry, and natural history. 

A prize for the best system and models of apparatus of instruction in 
gymnastics for elementary and higher schools or lyceums. 

IV. SPECIAL PRIZES. 

A prize for the best treatise on the organization of school-workshops 
or industrial schools as supplementing primary instruction. This trea- 
tise ought to give the organization and rules and regulations of such 
schools, the industries to which special attention should be paid, the 
regulations as to sex and age of the scholars, and an estimate of the 
cost of establishing and supporting such an institution. 

A prize for the best rules and regulations, internal organization and 
distribution of time in infant-schools, elementary schools for both sexes, 
mixed schools, adult-schools, &c. The outline ought to be accompanied 
by explanatory notes. 

A prize for the best collection of school-songs. In this work regard 
should be taken to gradual progress in the difficulty of the songs and 
to hymns and choruses having the chara<;ter of popular music. 

A prize for the best treatise on a way of generalizing and giving a 
practical character to primary instruction in Chili, and especially of 
giving a permanent character to this important branch of public admin- 
istration. 

A prize for the best treatise on the reform or reorganization of the 
course of studies comprised under the head of superior instruction. 

[Besides giving the above-mentioned prizes, the committee reserve 
to themselves the right to bestow prizes on any work or collection of 
objects relating to education which they should deem worthv.] 

J. ABELARDO NUNEZ, 

Fresident. 
ALBERTO VELAZQUEZ, 

Secretary. 

N. B. — Objects destined for the educational section must be directed, 
" Sefior Presidente de la Exposlcion Internacional de Chile para 1875, San- 
tiago^ Chile,^'> and will be admitted up to the 25th August, 1875. 
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